What is Spyware?

Threat Type: Spyware

Category: Malware-Based Threat

Cyber Threat Indicators

Spyware is malicious software designed to covertly infiltrate a computing device, gather information about the user and their activities, and transmit that data.

This theft of information can range from tracking web browsing habits to stealing highly sensitive data like passwords and financial details.

Core Characteristics

Spyware is defined by several key characteristics that distinguish it from other forms of malware:

Stealth and Concealment: Its primary function is to operate in secret. It's often difficult to detect as it runs silently in the background, may disguise itself as a legitimate file, or attempts to disable security software.

Unauthorized Data Collection: The core purpose is to monitor user activity and gather personal, sensitive, or confidential information. This includes, but isn't limited to:

• Keystrokes (what you type).

• Screenshots and screen activity.

• Login credentials (usernames and passwords).

• Browser history and internet activity.

• Personal files, emails, and contacts.

  
  

Impact on System Performance: While gathering data, spyware can consume significant system resources (CPU, RAM, network bandwidth) as it runs its processes and transmits stolen data, often resulting in noticeable device slowdowns or frequent crashes.

Modification of Settings: Some spyware can alter system or browser settings, such as changing the default homepage, search engine, or installing unwanted toolbars, to further facilitate monitoring or revenue generation.

Common Examples of Spyware Types

Keyloggers (or Keystroke Loggers) records every key pressed on the keyboard. Passwords, PINs, credit card numbers, messages, search queries.

Infostealers scans the infected system and extracts various forms of data. Passwords stored in browsers, system information, documents, browser history.

Adware (Tracking type) monitors browsing habits to deliver targeted, unsolicited, and often excessive pop-up ads.Web history, search terms, browsing preferences.

Trojan Spyware masquerades as a legitimate file or software to trick the user into installing it, which then deploys the spyware payload. Varies widely, often used to steal banking credentials or grant remote access.

System Monitors captures a comprehensive range of activities, including emails, chat conversations, and files accessed. All user activity, including screenshots and potentially microphone/camera recordings.

Common Infection Tactics

Bundled Software: Spyware is often packaged with legitimate free software, games, or utilities. Users typically agree to install it during the installation process by quickly clicking "Next" without reviewing the custom installation options.

Phishing/Malicious Emails: Attackers send fraudulent emails that contain a malicious link or an infected attachment. Opening the file or clicking the link initiates the spyware download and installation.

Malicious Websites/Drive-by Downloads: Simply visiting a compromised or malicious website can trigger a "drive-by download," where the spyware installs itself automatically, often by exploiting vulnerabilities in an outdated browser or operating system.

Exploiting Vulnerabilities (Zero-Click): Advanced, highly invasive spyware (like Pegasus) can infect a device without any user interaction ("zero-click"), simply by exploiting a flaw in a mobile operating system or app.

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